Daniel Hulshizer (AP) Sep 11, 2001, edited by Jack Glendening

NAM BLIPMAP FORECASTS
BLIPMAP™ = Boundary Layer Information Prediction MAP
 [The Boundary Layer (BL) is the region mixed by thermal eddies]
 Created by Dr. John W. (Jack) Glendening, Meteorologist 

BLIPMAPs display thermal soaring parameters over a geographic region.

21Z  California-Nevada  Forecasts
12 km NAM RESULTS    

Current time  day:                   Forecast Availabily
The "current day" changes shortly after 2Z     Time="---" if none yet available for current day

For NAM BLIPMAPs at validation times other than 21Z and/or overlaying multiple parameters, use the UniViewer OR regional Viewer
OR auxiliary BLIP data display software. 

For additional on-line information:  BLIPMAP HELP page

NEWS
Blipmap Forum:
 Latest: Thu Dec 12 06:51 "Re: Default area not remembered by app" [Dean]

DrJack sez:
  (Latest 5 news items)

April 16, 2024:  NWS data file problem:  Download of the National Weather Service datafiles used for input data is now failing for both NAM and RAP, so no model updates.  Am looking into problem, don't know now whether another suitable file can be found.
April 17, 2024 update:  Has been major outage at NCEP center, dunno problem but they've sent out an 'all hands on deck' message as they try to recover.
April 18, 2024 update:  Have switched to alternate source for datafiles, appears to be working.

April 15, 2024:  Server Costs: 
    Yearly Expenses:  website ~$600 + registration ~$100 = $700 / year
    Yearly Income:  2023: $539
 

REGISTRATION:
All BLIPMAPs are now freely available to registered users.  Registration (free) is needed for direct (no-nag-screen) forecast access.  New users can Register here.  Currently registered users can Logon (get new cookie) here or view registration (cookie) status here.  More info is available at the Registration Information webpage. 
EMAIL POLICY: 
There are many advantages to having one person's knowledge be shared and available to others, so I expect most BLIPMAP issues to be handled through the Blipmap Forum and ask those who have a question or problem or experience which could be of interest to others to post it there.  This allows others to comment on the matter if they have any personal experience and also allows any response I make to be read by others.  If you send me an email, I will respond personally only if it's nature is not appropriate for such posting - in other cases I will simply reply with a request to post to the forum. 
FEEDBACK REQUEST: 
I only look at the webpages and maps that I use personally or that I suspect might contain an error.  If you notice a consistent problem with either, please post a message on the Blipmap Forum.
 

BLIPMAP SERVER FUND STATUS
April 10, 2023:  $1290
(to be be updated ~yearly)



FORECASTS
THERMAL PARAMETER FORECASTS:
COMPOSITE: Thermal Updraft Velocity & Buoyancy/Shear Ratio          
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
B/S Ratio stippling (dense=0-4 sparse=4-7) overlays Thermal Updraft Velocity contours to indicate where strong thermals can be broken by vertical wind shear.  See "Thermal Updraft Velocity" and "Buoyancy/Shear Ratio" parameter descriptions below for more information. 

Thermal Updraft Velocity (W*)          
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Average dry thermal updraft strength near mid-BL height.  Subtract glider descent rate to get average vario reading for cloudless thermals.  Thermal strengths will be stronger if convective clouds are present.  W* depends upon both the BL depth and the surface heating.  MoreInfo

Buoyancy/Shear Ratio (B/S)          
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Dry thermals may be broken up by vertical wind shear (i.e. wind changing with height) and unworkable if B/S ratio is 5 or less.  If convective clouds are present, the actual B/S ratio will be larger than calculated here.  [This parameter is truncated at 20 for plotting.]   MoreInfo

Height of Boundary Layer Top (TI=0 height)     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Height of the average dry thermal tops, or Thermal Index TI=0 height.  Over flat terrain maximum thermalling heights will be lower due to the glider descent rate and other factors.  However, thermal tops will be higher over small-scale topography not resolved by the model and some pilots have reported that in elevated terrain the heights they can reach over local terrain features correspond better with the TI=0 height than with Hcrit.  In the presence of clouds the thermal top will increase, but the maximum thermalling height will then be limited by the cloud base (see the "Cloud prediction parameters" section below).  [This parameter is truncated at 22,000 for plotting.]   MoreInfo

Height of Critical Updraft Strength (Hcrit)     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This parameter estimates the height at which the average dry updraft strength drops below 225 fpm and over flat terrain is expected to give better quantitative numbers for the maximum cloudless thermalling height than is the traditional TI=0 height given above, although the qualitative patterns should be similar for both parameters.  (Note: the present assumptions tend to underpredict the max. thermalling height.) In the presence of clouds the maximum thermalling height may instead be limited by the cloud base (see the "Cloud prediction parameters" section below).  [This parameter is truncated at 22,000 for plotting.]   MoreInfo

Thermal Height Variability     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This parameter estimates the variability (uncertainty) of the BL top (TI=0) height prediction which can result from meteorological variations.  Larger values indicate greater variability and thus better thermalling over local "hot spots" or small-scale topography not resolved by the model.  But larger values also indicate greater sensitivity to error in the predicted surface temperature, so actual conditions have a greater likelihood of differing from those predicted.  MoreInfo


WIND PARAMETER FORECASTS:
COMPOSITE: Wind Speed and Direction in the Boundary Layer     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
BL Wind Direction streamlines overlay BL Wind Speed contours,  See "Wind Speed in the Boundary Layer" and "Wind Direction in the Boundary Layer" parameter descriptions below for more information. 

Wind Speed in the Boundary Layer     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
The speed of the vector-averaged wind in the BL.  This prediction can be misleading if there is a large change in wind spped or direction through the BL (for a complex wind profile, any single number is not an adequate descriptor!).  MoreInfo

Wind Direction in the Boundary Layer     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
The direction of the vector-averaged wind in the BL.  This prediction can be misleading if there is a large change in wind direction through the BL (for a complex wind profile, any single number is not an adequate descriptor!).  Note that there will be a abrupt artificial gradient at the "cross-over" between 0 and 360 degrees.  MoreInfo

Wind Shear in the Boundary Layer     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
The magnitude of the vector wind difference between the top and bottom of the BL.  Note that this represents vertical wind shear and does not indicate "shear lines" (which are horizontal changes of wind speed/direction).  MoreInfo

BL Max. Up/Down Motion (BL Convergence)     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Maximum grid-area-averaged extensive upward or downward motion within the BL as created by horizontal wind convergence.  Positive convergence is associated with local small-scale convergence lines (often called "shear lines" by pilots, meaning horizontal changes of wind speed/direction) - however, the actual size of such features is much smaller than can be resolved by the model so only stronger ones will be forecast and their predictions are subject to much error.  If CAPE is also large, thunderstorms can be triggered.  Negative convergence (divergence) produces subsiding vertical motion, creating low-level inversions which limit thermalling heights.  This parameter can be noisy, so users should be wary.  MoreInfo


CLOUD PARAMETER FORECASTS:
COMPOSITE: Cumulus Cloudbase for Cu Potential > 0     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Cu Cloudbase Cloudbase contours are plotted only where that cloudbase is theoretically expected.  See "Cumulus Potential" and "Cumulus Cloudbase" parameter descriptions below for more information.  This composite is useful only for locations where the actual potential threshold for cumulus cloud production agrees with the theoretically-predicted value of zero.

COMPOSITE: OvercastDevelopment Cloudbase for OD Potential > 0     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
OvercastDevelopment Cloudbase Cloudbase contours are plotted only where that cloudbase is theoretically expected.  See "OvercastDevelopment Potential" and "OvercastDevelopment Cloudbase" parameter descriptions below for more information.  This composite is useful only for locations where the actual potential threshold for OD cloud production agrees with the theoretically-predicted value of zero.

Cumulus Potential     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This evaluates the potential for small, non-extensive "puffy cloud" formation in the BL, being the height difference between the surface-based LCL (see below) and the BL top.  Small cumulus clouds are (simply) predicted when the parameter positive, but it is quite possible that the threshold value is actually greater than zero for your location so empirical evaluation is advised.  I would be interested in receiving end-of-season reports on what threshold value worked for your site.  Clouds can also occur with negative values if the air is lifted up the indicated vertical distance by flow up a small-scale ridge not resolved by the model's smoothed topography.  [This parameter is truncated at -10,000 for plotting.]   MoreInfo

Cumulus Cloudbase (Sfc. LCL)     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This height estimates the cloudbase for small, non-extensive "puffy" clouds in the BL, if such exist i.e. if the Cumulus Potential parameter (above) is positive or greater than the threshold Cumulus Potential empirically determined for your site.  The surface LCL (Lifting Condensation Level) is the level to which humid air must ascend before it cools enough to reach a dew point temperature based on the surface mixing ratio and is therefore relevant only to small clouds - unlike the below BL-based CL which uses a BL-averaged humidity.  However, this parameter has a theoretical difficulty (see "MoreInfo" link below) and quite possibly that the actual cloudbase will be higher than given here - so perhaps this should be considered a minimum possible cloudbase.  I would be interested in receiving end-of-season reports on how well this parameter worked for your site.  [This parameter is truncated at 22,000 for plotting.]   MoreInfo

OvercastDevelopment Potential     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This evaluates the potential for extensive cloud formation (OvercastDevelopment) at the BL top, being the height difference between the BL CL (see below) and the BL top.  Extensive clouds and likely overcast development are predicted when the parameter is positive, with overcast development being increasingly more likely with higher positive values.  OvercastDevelopment can also occur with negative values if the air is lifted up the indicated vertical distance by flow up a small-scale ridge not resolved by the model's smoothed topography.  [This parameter is truncated at -10,000 for plotting.]   MoreInfo

OvercastDevelopment Cloudbase (BL CL)     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This height estimates the cloudbase for extensive BL clouds (OvercastDevelopment), if such exist, i.e. if the OvercastDevelopment Potential parameter (above) is positive.  The BL CL (Condensation Level) is based upon the humidity averaged through the BL and is therefore relevant only to extensive clouds (OvercastDevelopment) - unlike the above surface-based LCL which uses a surface humidity.  [This parameter is truncated at 22,000 for plotting.]   MoreInfo

BL Max. Relative Humidity     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This parameter provides an additional means of evaluating the formation of clouds within the BL and might be used either in conjunction with or instead of the other cloud prediction parameters.  Larger values indicate greater cloud probability, but use of this parameter must be empirical since no theoretical guidance is available - for example, pilots must determine by actual experience the percentage that correlates with formation of clouds above local mountains.  The cloud base height is not predicted, but is expected to be below the TI=0 height.  MoreInfo

CAPE     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Convective Available Potential Energy indicates the atmospheric stability affecting deep convective cloud formation above the BL.  A higher value indicates greater potential instability, larger updraft velocities within deep convective clouds, and greater potential for thunderstorm development (since a trigger is needed to release that potential).  Note that thunderstorms may develop in regions of high CAPE and then get transported downwind to regions of lower CAPE.  Also, locations where both convergence and CAPE values are high can be subject to explosive thunderstorm development.   MoreInfo

Surface Dew Point Temperature     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This model-predicted surface dew point temperature can be compared to the actual dew point temperature at 2m during the day to evaluate the accuracy of model moisture predictions.  MoreInfo

The following experimental cloud parameters are available only from NAM model forecasts:
Total Cloud Cover     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Total cloud cover in percent.  DrJack has his doubts about the usefulness of this parameter since very thin high clouds can produce a "100% cloud cover" even though considerable solar radiation still reaches the surface (see the following parameter).  But I will include it for now.  MoreInfo

Surface Sun     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Solar radiation reaching the surface.  This indicates a "degree of cloudiness", which is dependent upon cloud depth as well as sky cover fraction, since clouds are principally responsible for radiation not reaching the surface.  Comparison to the "Surface Heating" parameter below indicates the fraction of the solar radiation which is transferred into heating the atmosphere.  MoreInfo


FUNDAMENTAL BL PARAMETER FORECASTS:
Boundary Layer Depth     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Depth of the layer mixed by thermals.  This parameter can be useful in determining which flight direction allows better thermalling conditions when average surface elevations vary greatly in differing directions.  MoreInfo

Surface Heating     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
Heat transferred into the atmosphere due to solar heating of the ground, i.e. the heating that creates thermals.   [This parameter is truncated at -100 and +1000 for plotting.]   MoreInfo

Surface Temperature     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
This model-predicted surface temperature can be compared to the actual temperature at 2m during the day to evaluate the accuracy of model heating predictions. MoreInfo

Experimental     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
The parameter displayed here varies, often being one used for testing.  See news items for reports of experimental parameter changes. 

Experimental2     
      "Classic" Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
      Fixed Coloring:       CurrentDay      Current+1      Current+2      PreviousDay
The parameter displayed here varies, often being one used for testing.  See news items for reports of experimental parameter changes. 


MISCELLANEOUS:
Maps
Geographic Map
Actual Terrain Map
Model Terrain Map
Model Terrain Map - alternate colors




INFORMATION
FORECAST DESCRIPTION:

    BLIPMAPs predict thermal soaring conditions resulting from surface heating of the Boundary Layer (BL), the scientific term for the turbulent atmospheric region mixed by surface-based thermals (so thermal tops occur at the top of the BL).  The BLIPMAP program post-processes numerical weather model predictions to provide parameters suited to the needs of soaring pilots and presents them in graphical format, as in this sample BLIPMAP.  Relative differences, both in location and in time, are expected to be more reliable indicators of soaring differences than are the precise numerical values.  BASIC thermal forecast parameters gives a short list of the parameters most important for thermal soaring.
    A continuing sequence of forecasts, all for the same validation time of 21Z, are produced as new observational data becomes available, each updated forecast having a shorter forecast period between the latest observation and validation times.  [Model initialization (observation analysis) time + Forecast Period = Validation (forecast) time]  The "CurrentDay" forecasts are based upon the current GMT day given above, which changes at 0Z, with "Current+1" and "Current+2" giving predictions for the following two days.  The last link, "PreviousDay", gives the last forecast from the previous day's prediction sequence, useful for those who want to compare their experiences from yesterday's flight to the NAM BLIPMAP predictions.  At the top of each forecast plot is the name of the parameter, the validation date and time, the forecast period, and the data source. 
    The parameters are averages over 12 km grid squares as forecast by the NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) NAM model. Other NAM forecasts are also available from various sources, including Unisys NAM forecast maps, NAM forecast soundings, and NAM forecast meteograms.  NAM BLIPMAPs are updated as new NAM forecasts become available, normally at 6 hr intervals. 
    The parameter values are represented by color hues which increase in "warmness" as the value increases in magnitude.  When many gradations are required, two cycles are made through the color wheel with "light" and "intense" tints respectively representing ranges of lower and higher magnitude. A screen magnifying tool, such as the freeware Super Magnify for Windows machines or Xzoom for X11/Linux/Unix machines, helps when discrimination between adjacent contours is difficult.  Alternatively, the size of an image can be increased/decreased by many browsers (Firefox users can install the Image Zoom plug-in extension to add that capability). 
    State outlines are depicted on each BLIPMAP in white.  The NAM topography is plotted as black contours, at 500 ft intervals with thicker lines at 2000 ft intervals, to assist in location identification but also to emphasize the smoothed nature of the model topography.  The BLIPMAP does not predict thermal lift created by small-scale terrain features which are not resolved by the model topography, which often give localized updrafts significantly stronger than those over the surrounding smoother terrain. 
    NAM BLIPMAPs can also be viewed using a regional BLIPMAP Viewer or a UniViewer - both can create a BLIPMAP image sequence. The viewers are most useful for quickly cycling between or through BLIPMAPs since the images exactly overlie - and some consider them easler to use than this index page.  The viewers can automatically alter the image size on loading, as might be desired by those with smaller screens for example.  Alternate graphical display formats are also available using BLIP data display software. 

Notes:
    As with all weather products, users should check the date on each map for currency.  Small anomalous diamonds, the size of an individual model gridpoint, may appear in the plots, particularly for more sensitive parameters such as convergence or cloud parameters; these result from numerical noise and should be disregarded.

Medal     Heros: I personally thank those whose support is listed on the Contributors webpage.


Link to the BLIPMAP Viewer for this region
Link to the BLIPMAP UniViewer
Link to the BLIPMAPs for all regions
Link to on-line version of BLIPMAP SOARING article, a good read for beginning users
Link to pilot flight experiences using BLIPMAPs.
Link to the BLIPMAP Archive Viewer
BLIPMAP HELP webpage - for additional on-line information.

Link to the latest TIP forecasts for longer predictions at individual CA-NV locations
Link to the latest Upper-Air WINDIP forecasts for CA-NV
Link to the latest LWIP fine-scale wave forecasts for Lake Tahoe and Owens Valley regions

Link to the Registration Information webpage
Link to the Subscription Information webpage
Link to the Registration/Subscription Logon webpage (new window)
Link to DrJack's home page